Serum TSH levels are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese adolescents / Níveis de TSH sérica associados a fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes acima do peso e obesos

Abstract Objective: To investigate the relationship between serum thyrotropin (TSH), insulin resistance (IR), and cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) in a sample of overweight and obese Brazilian adolescents. Methods: A retrospective, longitudinal analysis of 199 overweight and obese pubescent adolescents was performed. The TSH and free T4 (fT4) levels, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory test results of these patients were analyzed. Results: 27 individuals (13.56%) presented with TSH levels above the normal level (subclinical hypothyroidism [SCH]). Their waist circumference (WC) was significantly higher than those of euthyroid individuals. Serum TSH was positively correlated with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Using TSH and BMI as independent variables, TSH levels were shown to be independently related to HOMA-IR (p = 0.001) and TG (p = 0.007). Among euthyroid subjects, individuals with TSH values <2.5 mIU/mL exhibited statistically significant decreases in waist-to-hip ratio, HDL-C levels, and HOMA-IR scores and a tendency toward lower WC values. Conclusion: SCH in overweight and obese adolescents appears to be associated with excess weight, especially visceral weight. In euthyroid adolescents, there appears to be a direct relationship between TSH and some CRF. In conclusion, in the present sample of overweight and obese adolescents, TSH levels appear to be associated with IR and CRF.

Resumo Objetivo Investigar a relação entre tireotrofina sérica (TSH), resistência à insulina (RI) e fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRC) em uma amostra de adolescentes brasileiros acima do peso e obesos. Métodos Foi realizada uma análise longitudinal retrospectiva de 190 adolescentes púberes acima do peso e obesos. Foram analisados os níveis de TSH e T4 livre (T4l), as medidas antropométricas e os resultados de exames laboratoriais desses pacientes. Resultados 27 indivíduos (13,56%) apresentaram níveis de TSH acima do normal (hipotireoidismo subclínico (HSC)). Eles apresentaram circunferência da cintura (CC) significativamente maior que os indivíduos eutireoideos. A TSH sérica foi positivamente correlacionada ao índice do modelo de avaliação da homeostase de resistência à insulina (HOMA-IR), triglicerídeos (TG) e lipoproteína de alta densidade-colesterol (HDL-C). Usando TSH e IMC como variáveis independentes, os níveis de TSH estavam relacionados ao HOMA-IR (p = 0.001) e a TG (p = 0.007) de forma independente. Entre os pacientes eutireoideos, indivíduos com valores de TSH < 2.5 mIU/mL apresentaram reduções estatisticamente significativas na razão cintura/quadril, nos níveis de HDL-C e nos escores de HOMA-IR e tendência a menores valores de CC. Conclusão O HSC em adolescentes acima do peso e obesos parece estar associado ao excesso de peso, principalmente de peso visceral. Em adolescentes eutireoideos, parece haver uma relação direta entre TSH e alguns FRC. Concluindo, em nossa amostra de adolescentes acima do peso e obesos, os níveis de TSH parecem estar associados a RI e FRC.

Serum TSH levels are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between serum thyrotropin (TSH), insulin resistance (IR), and cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) in a sample of overweight and obese Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: A retrospective, longitudinal analysis of 199 overweight and obese pubescent adolescents was performed. The TSH and free T4 (fT4) levels, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory test results of these patients were analyzed. RESULTS: 27 individuals (13.56%) presented with TSH levels above the normal level (subclinical hypothyroidism [SCH]). Their waist circumference (WC) was significantly higher than those of euthyroid individuals. Serum TSH was positively correlated with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Using TSH and BMI as independent variables, TSH levels were shown to be independently related to HOMA-IR (p=0.001) and TG (p=0.007). Among euthyroid subjects, individuals with TSH values <2.5mIU/mL exhibited statistically significant decreases in waist-to-hip ratio, HDL-C levels, and HOMA-IR scores and a tendency toward lower WC values. CONCLUSION: SCH in overweight and obese adolescents appears to be associated with excess weight, especially visceral weight. In euthyroid adolescents, there appears to be a direct relationship between TSH and some CRF. In conclusion, in the present sample of overweight and obese adolescents, TSH levels appear to be associated with IR and CRF.

Impacto do uso de psicotrópicos na dispersão do intervalo QT em pacientes adultos / Impact of Psychotropic Drugs on QT Interval Dispersion in Adult Patients

Fundamento: A dispersão do intervalo QT induzida por fármacos tem sido associada a arritmias ventriculares potencialmente fatais. Pouco se conhece sobre o uso de psicotrópicos, isolados ou em combinação com outros fármacos, na dispersão do QT. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto do uso psicotrópicos na dispersão do intervalo QT em pacientes adultos. Métodos: Estudo de coorte observacional, envolvendo 161 pacientes hospitalizados em um departamento de emergência de hospital terciário, estratificados em usuários e não usuários de psicotrópicos. Dados demográficos, clínicos, laboratoriais e de fármacos em uso foram coletados à admissão, bem como o eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações, com a mensuração do intervalo e da dispersão do QT. Resultados: A dispersão do intervalo QT foi significativamente maior no grupo de usuário de psicotrópicos comparado ao grupo não usuário (69,25 ± 25,5 ms vs. 57,08 ± 23,4 ms; p = 0,002). O intervalo QT corrigido pela fórmula de Bazzett também se mostrou maior no grupo de usuário de psicotrópicos, com significância estatística (439,79 ± 31,14 ms vs. 427,71 ± 28,42 ms; p = 0,011). A análise por regressão linear mostrou associação positiva entre o número absoluto de psicotrópicos utilizados e a dispersão do intervalo QT, com r = 0,341 e p < 0,001. Conclusão: Na população amostral estudada, o uso de psicotrópicos se mostrou associado ao aumento da dispersão do intervalo QT, e esse incremento se acentuou em função do maior número de psicotrópicos utilizados. .

Background: Drug-induced increase in QT dispersion has been associated with potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias. Little is known about the use of psychotropic substances, alone or in combination with other drugs on QT dispersion. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of psychotropic drugs on QT interval dispersion in adults. Methods: An observational cohort study was designed involving 161 patients hospitalized from an emergency department at a tertiary hospital, divided into psychotropic users or non-users. Demographic, clinical, laboratory data and drugs used on a regular basis were collected on admission, in addition to 12-lead electrocardiogram with QT dispersion measurement. Results: QT dispersion was significantly higher in the psychotropic user group compared to non-users (69.25 ± 25.5 ms vs. 57.08 ± 23.4 ms; p = 0.002). The QT interval corrected by Bazzett formula was also higher in the psychotropic drugs user group, with statistical significance. (439.79 ± 31.14 ms vs. 427.71 ± 28.42 ms; p = 0.011). A regression analysis model showed a positive association between the number of psychotropic drugs used and QT interval dispersion, with r = 0.341 and p < 0.001. Conclusions: The use of psychotropic drugs was associated with increased QT dispersion and this increase was accentuated, as the number of psychotropic drugs used was higher. .

Impact of psychotropic drugs on QT interval dispersion in adult patients.

BACKGROUND: Drug-induced increase in QT dispersion has been associated with potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias. Little is known about the use of psychotropic substances, alone or in combination with other drugs on QT dispersion. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of psychotropic drugs on QT interval dispersion in adults. METHODS: An observational cohort study was designed involving 161 patients hospitalized from an emergency department at a tertiary hospital, divided into psychotropic users or non-users. Demographic, clinical, laboratory data and drugs used on a regular basis were collected on admission, in addition to 12-lead electrocardiogram with QT dispersion measurement. RESULTS: QT dispersion was significantly higher in the psychotropic user group compared to non-users (69.25 ± 25.5 ms vs. 57.08 ± 23.4 ms; p = 0.002). The QT interval corrected by Bazzett formula was also higher in the psychotropic drugs user group, with statistical significance. (439.79 ± 31.14 ms vs. 427.71 ± 28.42 ms; p = 0.011). A regression analysis model showed a positive association between the number of psychotropic drugs used and QT interval dispersion, with r = 0.341 and p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: The use of psychotropic drugs was associated with increased QT dispersion and this increase was accentuated, as the number of psychotropic drugs used was higher.

Management of obesity in adolescents: state of art.

Increasing prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents might represent an emerging public health issue. Pathogenesis of obesity is multifactorial and involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Adolescent obesity has been seen as a cosmetic problem only; nevertheless, a significant increase in cardiovascular risk, probably due to obesity-related metabolic disarrangement has been observed. Consequently, discussion on strategies for treating childhood and adolescent obesity has been promoted worldwide. The proposed treatment triad is life style modification, pharmacological, and surgical treatment. Although lacking definitive data, drug therapy has emerged as an efficacious tool, at least in adolescent obesity. Therefore, sibutramine and orlistat may be good therapeutic options when life style modifications alone do not work.

Management of obesity in adolescents: state of art / Controle da obesidade em adolescentes: atualização

Increasing prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents might represent an emerging public health issue. Pathogenesis of obesity is multifactorial and involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Adolescent obesity has been seen as a cosmetic problem only; nevertheless, a significant increase in cardiovascular risk, probably due to obesity-related metabolic disarrangement has been observed. Consequently, discussion on strategies for treating childhood and adolescent obesity has been promoted worldwide. The proposed treatment triad is life style modification, pharmacological, and surgical treatment. Although lacking definitive data, drug therapy has emerged as an efficacious tool, at least in adolescent obesity. Therefore, sibutramine and orlistat may be good therapeutic options when life style modifications alone do not work.

O aumento da prevalência de obesidade em crianças e adolescentes pode representar um sério problema de saúde pública nos próximos anos. A patogênese da obesidade é multifatorial e envolve uma complexa interação de fatores genéticos com fatores ambientais. A obesidade na adolescência tem sido vista apenas como um problema estético, entretanto, tem sido observado significativo aumento de fatores de risco cardiovasculares, provavelmente em razão das alterações metabólicas relacionadas ao excesso de peso. Desde então, estratégias de tratamento da obesidade na infância e adolescência têm sido propostas. O tripé proposto para o tratamento é: mudança de estilo de vida, tratamento medicamentoso e cirúrgico. Apesar da falta de evidências definitivas, o tratamento medicamentoso em adolescentes emerge como uma ferramenta eficaz. Sibutramina e orlistat, desse modo, podem ser uma boa opção terapêutica quando as mudanças de estilo de vida, isoladamente, não forem eficazes.

O sistema endocanabinóide: novo paradigma no tratamento da síndrome metabólica / The endocannabinoid system: a new paradigm in the metabolic syndrome treatment

O balanço energético é um dos mais importantes mecanismos de homeostase e de sobrevivência das espécies. O sistema endocanabinóide é um novo e importante componente entre estes mecanismos. Os seus receptores e agonistas endógenos se expressam no sistema nervoso central (SNC) e perifericamente, em vários sítios, estabelecendo uma rede de comunicação periferia­SNC. Um aspecto marcante é a sua expressão no tecido adiposo, onde regula a lipogênese e aumenta a expressão de genes influentes no metabolismo dos lipídeos e dos carboidratos. Estes aspectos são importantes para o controle do peso corporal e da Síndrome Metabólica (SM). O sistema é ativado sob demanda e desativado rapidamente, atuando autócrina e paracrinamente, e as evidências sugerem que mantém-se hiperativado em estados de obesidade. Um antagonista específico do seu principal receptor (CB1), o Rimonabant, tem se mostrado importante ferramenta no controle do peso em modelos animais de obesidade e de SM. Da mesma forma, grandes estudos em humanos confirmam sua eficácia no controle do peso e das variáveis metabólicas, sugerindo um papel importante deste medicamento para o controle do risco cardiovascular associado à SM.

Energetic balance is a fundamental homeostasis mechanism, which contributes to the species' survival. The endocannabinoid system is a new and important component among such mechanisms. Its receptors and endogenous agonists are expressed in central nervous system (CNS) and at various peripheral organs, establishing a CNS­periphery net communication. A relevant aspect is its expression in the adipose tissue, where it regulates lipogenesis and increases the expression of influent genes on lipids and carbohydrate metabolism. Interestingly, it seems to be upregulated in human and animal obesity, although it is activated on demand and rapidly deactivated. Its activation increases food intake and promotes weight gain, contributing to Metabolic Syndrome (MS). Rimonabant is a specific antagonist to the main endocannabinoid receptor (CB1). In animal models of obesity and MS, as well as in humans, Rimonabant has demonstrated to be a useful tool in controlling weight and metabolic aspects. Indeed, some new human trials suggest a possible role for this substance in controlling cardiovascular risk factors related to MS.